The chapter summarizes activities of COST IC1304 ACROSS European Project corresponding to traffic management for Cloud Federation (CF). They envision utility oriented federated IaaS systems that are able to predict application service behavior for intelligent down and up-scaling infrastructures. 14, pp. Productivity apps. A small switchover time is feasible, given that each backup service is preloaded in memory, and CPU and bandwidth resources have been preallocated. The workflow in Fig. Although the VM is constraint in its RAM utilization, when it has less than 250MB of VRAM, there is no correlation between the achieved PyBench score and the VMs VRAM, as the PyBench score does not increase. Intelligent traffic cloud could provide services such as autonomy, mobility, decision support and traffic management strategies, and so on. A CF network assumes a full mesh topology where peering clouds are connected by virtual links. In a virtual datacenter, an external load balancer is deployed to the hub and the spokes. VAR uses a static failure model, i.e. 2. Orchestrated composite web service depicted by a sequential workflow. 5. Another approach is presented in [11], where the author applied game theory to analyze the selfish behavior of cloud owner selling unused resources depending on uncertain load conditions. You can view the charts interactively or pin them to a dashboard to view them with other visualizations. Azure Virtual WAN is designed for large-scale branch-to-branch and branch-to-Azure communications, or for avoiding the complexities of building all the components individually in a virtual networking peering hub. In this section, we discuss a real-time QoS control mechanism that dynamically optimizes service composition in real time by learning and adapting to changes in third party service response time behaviors. A typical datacenter is made up of thousands of servers connected with a large network and usually managed by one operator. Next, we show in which way we count the resources belonging to particular clouds in order to get maximum profit (equally shared between the cloud owners). Azure Firewall uses a static public IP address for your virtual network resources. Azure DDoS, Other Azure services We propose a new k-shortest path algorithm which considers multi-criteria constraints during calculation of alternative k-shortest paths to meet QoS objectives of classes of services offered in CF. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Cloud Computing, GRIDs, and Virtualization (Cloud Computing 2011), IARIA, pp. 328336 (2009), Marosi, A.C., Kecskemeti, G., Kertesz, A., Kacsuk, P.: FCM: an architecture for integrating IaaS cloud systems. 12a shows that a VM with less than 350MB of VRAM utilizes all RAM that is available, which seems to imply, that this amount of RAM is critical for performance. For customers that need to start quickly, it's common to initially use Site-to-Site VPN to establish connectivity between a virtual datacenter and on-premises resources. Azure Front Door is a reverse proxy at over 100 Microsoft backbone edge sites, using anycast to route users to the closest listening endpoint. The distinct pattern in which RAM is utilized gives reason to believe, that it is essential for performance. Multiple ExpressRoute circuits connected via your corporate backbone, and your multiple VDC implementations connected to the ExpressRoute circuits. The CDN interconnection (CDNI) working group of the IETF provided informational RFC standard documents on the problem statement, framework, requirements and use cases for CDN interconnection in a first phase until 2014. The problem we solve is to maximise the number of accepted applications. In: The 2nd International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud (FiCloud-2014), August 2014, Atzori, L., Iera, A., Morabito, G.: The Internet of Things: a survey. According to these reports four categories can be differentiated: the first one is wearable computing, which means the application of everyday objects and clothes, such as watches and glasses, in which sensors were included to extend their functionalities. For example, a workload hosting an authentication service might have groups named AuthServiceNetOps, AuthServiceSecOps, AuthServiceDevOps, and AuthServiceInfraOps. These separate application instances will be referred to as duplicates. These concepts can be extended taking into account green policies applied in federated scenarios. Datacenters provide cost-effective and flexible access to scalable compute and storage resources necessary for today's cloud computing needs. Accessed 18 Jan 2017, Poullie, P.: Decentralized multi-resource allocation in clouds. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur. Using NAT to handle IP concerns, while a valid solution, isn't a recommended solution. Softw. The nodal resource consumption is minimal, as CPU and memory for \(s_1\), \(s_2\), and \(s_3\) are provisioned only once. For each level we propose specific methods and algorithms. Virtual networks are anchor points for integrating platform as a service (PaaS) Azure products like Azure Storage, Azure SQL, and other integrated public services that have public endpoints. If no change is detected then the lookup table remains unchanged. A probe is a dummy request that will provide new information about the response time for that alternative. Furthermore, immediate switchover allows condensation of the exact failure dynamics of each component, into its expected availability value, as long as the individual components fail independently (a more limiting assumption). [4] define two use case scenarios that exemplify the problems of multi-cloud systems like, Virtual Machines (VM) mobility where they identify the networking, the specific cloud VM management interfaces and the lack of mobility interfaces as the three major obstacles and. Cloud Federation (CF) extends the concept of cloud computing systems by merging a number of clouds into one system. 147161. Upon each lookup table update the corresponding distribution information is stored as reference distribution. It's also important to weigh these results in view of the optimal recovery time objective (RTO). Assigning and removing users to and from appropriate groups helps keep the privileges of a specific user up to date. Succeeding to do so will attract customers and generate business, while failing to do so will inevitably lead to customer dissatisfaction, churn and loss of business. Together, these services deliver a comprehensive solution for collecting, analyzing, and acting on system-generated logs from your applications and the Azure resources that support them. Examples of these providers are Amazon or Google Apps. They assume that profit get from a task execution depends on the waiting time (showing received QoS) of this task. Service level agreement (SLA) and policy negotiations. The Azure WAN built-in dashboard provides instant troubleshooting insights that can help save you time, and gives you an easy way to view large-scale site-to-site connectivity. An advantage of this reuse is that a fine-grained tradeoff can be made between increased availability, and decreased resource consumption. A directory service is a shared information infrastructure that locates, manages, administers, and organizes everyday items and network resources. In: ICN 2014, no. Availability not only depends on failure in the SN, but also on how the application is placed. The Cloud Infrastructure and Services (CIS) course educates students about cloud deployment and service models, cloud infrastructure, and the key considerations in migrating to cloud computing. However, this approach works best in homogeneous cloud environments, where one can use the same number of backup VN embeddings, regardless of the exact placement configuration. Therefore, Fig. Finally, we will model each cloud by well-known loss queueing system \(M\text {/}M\text {/}c\text {/}c\) (e.g. A number of solutions have been proposed for the problem of dynamic, runtime QoSaware service selection and composition within SOA [46,47,48,49]. Like a regular data center, a VDC provides computing capabilities that enable workloads of business apps and activities, such as: File sharing. Figure7 presents exemplary results showing values of request blocking probabilities as a function of offered load obtained for VNI using different number of alternative paths. propose a distributed algorithm to deploy replicas of VM images onto PMs that reside in different parts of the network[32]. Microsoft Azure delivers hyperscale services and infrastructure with enterprise-grade capabilities and reliability. In the preceding diagram, in the DMZ Hub, many of the following features can be bundled together in an Azure Virtual WAN hub (such as virtual networks, user-defined routes, network security groups, VPN gateways, ExpressRoute gateways, Azure Load Balancers, Azure Firewalls, Firewall Manager, and DDOS). However, a recently started standards activity by the IEEE [9] towards intercloud interoperability and federation is still motivated by todays landscape of independent and incompatible cloud offerings in proprietary as well as open access architectures. A service will only be placed on a PM if and only if it is used by at least one duplicate. Subsequently we assume that \(h=1\), and as a consequence offered load \(A=\lambda h\) will be denoted as \(A=\lambda \). https://www.thinkmind.org/download.php?articleid=icn_2014_11_10_30065, Xu, J., Fortes, J.A.B. V2V Communication Protocols in Cloud-Assisted Vehicular Networks: 10.4018/978-1-5225-3981-.ch006: Integration of vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) and cellular network is a promising architecture for future machine-to-machine applications. Cloud solutions were initially designed to host single, relatively isolated applications in the public spectrum, which worked well for a few years. In order to deal with this issue we use probes. Configure flow tables. This section showed that it is a complex task to determine a class of utility functions that properly models the allocation of a nodes PRs to VMs. where the value of \(P_{loss}(\lambda _i,c_{i1})\) we calculate from the analysis of the system \(M\text {/}M\text {/}n\text {/}n\) by using Erlang formula: Note that we only require that mean traffic load submitted from each cloud to common pool should be the same. In particular, the component explicitly manages: the discovery phase in which information about other clouds are received andsent, the match-making phase performing the best choice of the provider according to some utility measure and. Springer, Heidelberg (2012). 41(2), 38 (2011). try and guarantee that a virtual network can still be embedded in a physical network, after k network components fail. 500291 (2013), Institute of electrical and electronics engineering (IEEE): Inter-cloud working group, Standard for Intercloud Interoperability and Federation (SIIF) (2017), Darzanos, G., Koutsopoulos, I., Stamoulis, G.D.: Economics models and policies for cloud federations. In this section we briefly describe the model but refer to [39] for a more elaborate discussion. For instance, cloud no. 712, Rome, Italy (2011), International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T): Framework of Inter-Could Computing (2014), Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): Working group on Content Delivery Network Interconnection (CDNI) (2011), National Institute of Standards and Technology [NIST]: U.S. Dept. MathSciNet IEEE (2009), Preist, C.: A conceptual architecture for semantic web services. 3. 10, the second alternative of the third task has not been used in the last ten requests, the probe timer for alternative two has value \(U^{(3,2)}=10\). This is five times as much, as a VM with 1GB of VRAM utilizes. Understanding the tools and data that are available is the first step in developing a complete monitoring strategy for your applications. They're lightweight and capable of supporting near real-time scenarios. 3739, pp. Subnets allow for flow control and segregation. Azure Load Balancer can probe the health of various server instances. We recommend that all internet-facing resources are protected by the Azure DDoS Protection Standard. The allocation may address different objectives, as e.g. 6165. In Fig. So, appropriate scheduling mechanisms should be applied in order to provide e.g. Each link \(u \rightarrow v, u,v\in N, u \rightarrow v\in E\), is characterized by a \(m-\)dimensional vector of non-negative link weights \(w(u \rightarrow v) = [w_1, w_2, \ldots , w_m]\) which relates to QoS requirements of services offered by CF. In: 2016 IFIP Networking Conference (IFIP Networking) and Workshops, Vienna, pp. [3] proposed an approach for the federation establishment considering generic cloud architectures according to a three-phase model, representing an architectural solution for federation by means of a Cross-Cloud Federation Manager, a software component in charge of executing the three main functionalities required for a federation. The user attributes of on-premises Active Directory can be automatically synchronized to Azure AD. Virtual WAN lets you connect to and configure branch devices to communicate with Azure. Azure Monitor includes several features and tools that provide valuable insights into your applications and other resources they depend on. The virtual datacenter is typical based on hub and spoke network topologies (using either virtual network peering or Virtual WAN hubs). Gaps are identified with conclusions on priorities for ongoing standardization work. In contrast, a lack of RAM bandwidth significantly effects performance [61] but is rarely considered, when investigating data center fairness. Traffic Manager uses real-time user measurements and DNS to route users to the closest (or next closest during failure). The algorithm matches QoS requirements with path weights w(p). Firewall Manager Finally, Sect. For a description of the proposed heuristics, and an extensive performance analysis, featuring multiple application types, SN types and scalability study we refer the interested reader to [40]. Running in more than 100 locations at the edge of Microsoft's Global Network, AFD enables you to build, operate, and scale out your dynamic web application and static content. Throughout this work, the collected composition of all requested applications will be represented by the instance matrix(\(\varvec{I}\)). Correspondence to if the sum of available bandwidth on disjointed paths is greater than requested bandwidth. We consider a composite service that comprises a sequential workflow consisting of N tasks identified by \(T_{1},\ldots ,T_{N}\). We assume that the main reason for constituting federation is getting more profit comparing to the situation when particular clouds work alone. LNCS, vol. Let us note, that the service request arrival processes from each cloud submitted to this pool are generally different. 25(1), 1221 (2014). The integration of IoT and clouds has been envisioned by Botta et al. Microsoft partners can also provide enhanced capabilities by offering security services and virtual appliances that are optimized to run in Azure. However, the 7zip scores achieved by these VMs only differ by 15%. Res. 3.3.0.2 Cloud Infrastructure. Using well known statistical tests we are able to identify if an significant change occurred and the policy has to be recalculated. For instance, Ajtai et al. In the final step, the VNI control algorithm configures allocated paths using the abstract model of VNI maintained in the SDN controller. Therefore, Fig. Contrary to all other benchmarks, here a lower score is better. Most RL approaches are based on environments that do not vary over time. Figure14b shows that the multi-core penalty also occurs for the aio-stress benchmark, where a VM with one VCPU constantly achieves a higher aio-stress score than any VM with more VCPUs. Since these devices can discover each other over local wireless connections, they can be combined to provide higher-level capabilities. This infrastructure is especially important for mission critical and interactive services that have strict QoS requirements. Most notably, the extension of cloud computing towards the edge of the enterprise network, is generally referred to as fog or edge computing[18]. Traffic flows can be controlled inside and between virtual networks by sets of security rules specified for network security groups, firewall policies (Azure Firewall or network virtual appliances), and custom user-defined routes. [12]), where c denotes number of identical cloud resources, arrival service request rate follows Poisson distribution with parameter \(\lambda \), service time distribution is done by negative exponential distribution with the rate \(1\text {/}h\) (h is the mean service time). In the example cloud deployment diagram below, the red box highlights a security gap. Monitoring solutions and features such as application insights and Azure Monitor for containers provide deep insights into different aspects of your application and specific Azure services. The latter provides an overview, functional requirements and refers to a number of use cases. 10691075. MobIoTSim can simulate one or more IoT devices, and it is implemented as a mobile application for the Android platform. A major shortcoming is that the number of replicas to be placed, and the anti-collocation constraints are user-defined. Dynamic runtime service composition is based on a lookup table. These links are created based on SLAs agreed with network provider(s). CRM and ERP platforms. We present comprehensive multi-level model for traffic management in CF that consists of five levels: Level 5 - Strategies for building CF, Level 4 - Network for CF, Level 3 - Service specification and provision, Level 2 - Service composition and orchestration, and Level 1 - Task service in cloud resources. 9c survives all singular failures in the SN, except for a failure of \(n_1\). You can create everything from a basic Web and SQL app to the latest in IoT, big data, machine learning, AI, and so much more. Restricts management traffic, including "Network Broadcast" from propagating to other virtual networks. With this approach it is assumed that the response-time distributions are known or derived from historical data. Events and traces are stored as logs along with performance data, which can all be combined for analysis. ISBN 0471491101, Carlini, E., Coppola, M., Dazzi, P., Ricci, L., Righetti, G.: Cloud federations in contrail. please contact the Rights and User-defined routes. The structure of the application lets users create IoT environment simulations in a fast and efficient way that allows for customization. 12a also depicts that the Apache score only increases for upto 250MB of VRAM and that this increase is marginal compared to the increase of RAM that is utilized. Below we shortly discuss objectives of each level of the model. In doing so it helps maximise the performance and security of existing networks. With some Azure features, you can associate service endpoints to a public IP address so that your resource is accessible from the internet. Organizations with a DevOps approach can also use VDC concepts to provide authorized pockets of Azure resources. In practice, service providers tend to outsource responsibilities by negotiating Service Level Agreements (SLAs) with third parties. 15(4), 18881906 (2013). By using user-defined routes, customers can deploy firewalls, IDS/IPS, and other virtual appliances. AFD provides your application with world-class end-user performance, unified regional/stamp maintenance automation, BCDR automation, unified client/user information, caching, and service insights. Blocking probabilities of flow requests served by VNI using different number of alternative paths. REGOS Software LLC. A mechanism to divert traffic between datacenters for load or performance. Aio-stress. Single OS per machine. The spoke in the higher level (level 0) becomes the hub of lower spokes (level 1) of the hierarchy. The scope of the SSICLOPS project includes high cloud computing workloads e.g. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Internet and Web Applications and Services, pp. A machine with a 2.5 Gigahertz (GHz) AMD Opteron 6180 SE processor with 24 cores and 6 and 10MB of level 2 and 3 cache, respectively, and 64GB of ECC DDR3 RAM with 1333Mhz is used as host system. A solution for merging IoT and clouds is proposed by Nastic et al. Specify rules that allow or deny traffic through the Firebox, based on the traffic source or . Application gateway can be configured as internet-facing gateway, internal-only gateway, or a combination of both. ExpressRoute Direct, Identity The hub and spoke topology uses virtual network peering and user-defined routes to route traffic properly. A complicating factor is that many attractive third-party services often show highly variable service quality. A web application firewall (WAF) is also provided as part of the application gateway WAF SKU. Serv. Separate Azure subscriptions for each of these environments can provide natural isolation. Or they do not consider the cost structure, revenue and penalty model as given in this paper. The service is fully integrated with Azure Monitor for logging and analytics. The effectiveness of these solutions were verified by simulation and analytical methods. Level 1 deals with the dependencies of different physical resources, such as Central Processing Unit (CPU) time, Random Access Memory (RAM), disk I/O, and network access, and their effect on the performance that users perceive. At the same time, network and security boundaries stay compliant. Artif. the bandwidth required for a Virtual Link (VL) can be realized by combining multiple parallel connections between the two end points. Meanwhile specifications on interfaces between upstream/downstream CDNs including redirection of users between CDNs have been issued in the proposed standards track [7]. The private IP address space assigned to a VDC implementation must be consistent and not overlapping with private IP addresses assigned on your on-premises networks. cloudlets, gateways) to very low (e.g. So, one can conclude that FC scheme is optimal solution when the capabilities of the clouds are similar but if they differ essentially then this scheme simply fails. 3.5.1.1 Measurement Method. Even trace files from real world applications can be played from other sources, i.e. Elements throughout Azure Monitor can be added to an Azure dashboard in addition to the output of any log query or metrics chart. ExpressRoute enables private connections between your virtual datacenter and any on-premises networks. In Sect. In heterogeneous environments a fixed redundancy level for each application either results in wasted SN resources, or a reduced placement ratio. As Fig. In this example a significant change is detected. Figure7a corresponds to balanced load conditions where each relation of source to destination is equally loaded in the network.

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