It is an Arabic epithet and honorific title of the Prophet. [18] Between 10701109, Tripoli experienced a brief period of independence under the Shia Banu Ammar dynasty, a family of Shia qadis who captured Jableh from the Byzantines and ruled a territory as far as Jbeil in the south. However, in a country that had last census in 1932, it is difficult to have correct population estimates. Shiite holy men wear either a black or a white turban (depending on their lineage) and a robe. But Sunni bitterness toward Hezbollah runs deeper. Shia cleric Abdul Husayn Sharafeddine had organized and lead the nonviolent resistance movement against the French since 1919, and demanded US support for Syrian unity during the KingCrane Commission visit. The Iturean Kingdom of Chalcis became vassal state of the Romans after they consolidated their rule over most of the Levant in 64 BC, and at their peak they managed to impose control on much of the Phoenician coast and Galilee including southern Lebanon, until the Romans fully incorporated them in 92 CE. At 24, he converted to Islam and changed his name.. Theo nh th nghim ca chng ti th chi nui l hay theo chu k bao gi cng c c xc sut chin thng cao hn cch chi theo ngy chnh v th m chng ti khuyn cc bn nn theo chi phng php nui c c an ton v bn vng hn nh. Alessandria Masi/International Business Times At the best of times, the Alawites are regarded by Sunnis as heretics; at times of tension, when thousands of Sunnis in Syria are being killed, they are regarded as the enemy. However, Muslims collectively rejected being classified as divided, and so were left out of the law in the end. Many Muslims, seemingly predominantly Shiites, were killed or departed for the interior, who were replaced by tens of thousands of Franks through several decades. [36], When Muhammad Ali Pasha of Egypt invaded the Levant in 1833, he received the support of the Shihabis. Sunni Muslim Boy Names | Islamic Baby Name Meanings - QuranicNames All contents 2023 The Slate Group LLC. [14] Moreover, an Alid uprising took place in 912 at the hands of Ibn al-Rida, a descendant of 10th Imam Ali al-Hadi, in the nearby Damascene countryside against the Abbasid governor of Damascus. Slate is published by The Slate Group, a Graham Holdings Company. Lebanese Shia Muslims (Arabic: ), historically known as matwila (Arabic: , plural of mutawlin ([Lebanese pronounced as metouali]) refers to Lebanese people who are adherents of the Shia branch of Islam in Lebanon, which plays a major role along Lebanon's main Sunni, Maronite and Druze sects. True religion made in mexico | Models-art.ru [34] The duo's first decisive battle took place in Lake Huleh in 1771, when the 10,000-strong Ottoman army of Uthman Pasha al-Kurji was virtually annihilated by the duo's forces; about 300-500 Ottoman soldiers survived the battle, and Uthman Pasha returned to Damascus with only 3 of his soldiers. The French had dispersed the Shiite leaders and thousands of peasants who feared reprisals, and the high fines imposed on them caused financial misery. The difference in dress code is even more obvious among clerics. These feudal families frequently quarrelled with the Ottoman governors to maintain autonomy over their territories. On the other hand, only 4.7% of all Lebanese Muslims belong to haplogroup R1b, compared to 9.6% of Lebanese Christians. Tripoli was subject to a 4-year long siege which culminated with its fall in 1109. In terms of religious sect, Iraqi Arabs are somewhat split: Our survey found that most said they were Shia Muslims (62%), but about three-in-ten identified themselves as Sunnis (30%) and 6% said they were "just Muslim." Nearly all Iraqi Kurds consider themselves Sunni Muslims. famous roberts surname; does dentaquest cover crowns. It also has sent thousands of fighters into Syria to battle alongside the Damascus. Sheikh Ahmad Rifai was the imam of a . [14], Nasir Khusraw gives the earliest accounts for Tyre and Tripoli during his visit in 1047, describing both cities as majority Shia Muslims with dedicated Shia shrines on the outskirts. [37][25] Following Egyptian defeat in 1840, the Ottomans deposed the Shihab dynasty[37] and rewarded al-Mahmoud by restoring the autonomy of the Shiites until 1865, when Jabal Amil was incorporated into Syria vilayet and came under direct Ottoman rule. Between Fakhreddines millions and the Medicis. [12], After Kitbuqa took Baalbek in 1260, many Shias refused the newly imposed Mongol authority. In recent years, the group has been implicated in sectarian violence such as the 2005 assassination of Lebanese Sunni leader Rafiq Hariri, and forty-nine of its operatives were arrested in the Sinai in late 2008. The treaty was signed at Beit ed-Dine as a result of the mediation of Bashir Shihab II (1788-1840) between the two sides. However, in a country that had last census in 1932, it is difficult to have correct population estimates. On the coast, Tyre prospered under the Romans and was allowed to keep much of its independence as a "civitas foederata". [28] Almost a century later, the Harfushes gave shelter to Haydar Shihab and provided him with 2,500 troops to carry out the Battle of Ain Dara, which resulted in Haydar Shihab's decisive victory. In 1598, as war broke out again between the Ottomans and Safavids, the Ottomans further appointed Fakhreddine over sanjak of Safed, which gave him direct control over the pro-Safavid Shiites. For example, the middle-class of predominantly urban Sunni areas expressed their demands for educational reforms through petitions directed towards the French High Commissioner and the League of Nations. Sami Ramadan, a Sunni recruiter for Shiite Hezbollah's Saraya al-Muqawama, sits in a school in Lebanon's Bekaa Valley, Oct. 20, 2015. The makeshift 24th MEU base is a sort of Fort Apache, in the middle of a pretty hostile Iraqi Sunni Muslim population. Ultra-religious Sunnis and Shiites are much more easily distinguished. Christian, Sunni And Shia: Meet Hezbollah's Non-Denominational Military The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History Of The Twenty-first Century [PDF Al-Fil closed the plant down on 15 July just after the war broke out to safeguard against the deaths of workers in the event of such an attack, but the damage was estimated at a steep 55million US dollars, with the reconstruction timeframe indefinite due to instability and government hesitation. The Twelver Shia Salih ibn Mirdas rose against the Fatimids in a similar manner, and by 1025 managed to conquer most of Syria, western Iraq and parts of Lebanon. In between 1920 and 1921, rebels from these areas attacked French military bases in Southern Lebanon and the Beqaa valley. Thus, the Shia oppression in Lebanon was a marriage of politics and religion. According to the CIA World Factbook, Shia Muslims constituted an estimated 31% of Lebanon's population in 2022.[1]. [5], The Sunnis of Lebanon have close ties with Saudi Arabia, who supports them financially. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. A Lebanese term for soldier or police. According to a CIA 2018 study, Lebanese Sunni Muslims constitute an estimated 30.6% of Lebanon's population. The admixtures were tied to the Sea Peoples of the Late Bronze Age collapse, Central/South Asians and Ottoman Turks respectively. [58] They are recognized as one of the 18 official Lebanese sects, and due to the efforts of an Alawite leader Ali Eid, the Taif Agreement of 1989 gave them two reserved seats in the Parliament. [44] This institution since 1920 headquartered in Beirut- oversaw every educational policy regarding public and private school in the mandate territories. Alternative spelling. Explainer thanks Susan Dakak, Masoud Kazemzadeh, and Zainab al-Suwaij. Its not easy. Unlike the Druze, the Shiite emirs were regularly denounced for their religious identity and persecuted as Qizilbash heretics per Ebussuud Efendi's definitions. Congratulations on your election victory, distinguished MPs!! Between 16391649, Ali al-Saghirs seized most of Jabal Amel after defeating other rival families, cementing their role as the sole leaders of the region. The boys' school was known as al-Ja'fariyya, and was able to continue despite financial difficulties. While General Myers was meeting with officers and enlisted men there, I was free to walk around the base, and eventu ally I wandered into the command center, where my eye was immedi ately caught by a large flat-screen TV. The Israel-Sunni alliance - The Jerusalem Post Under the terms of an unwritten agreement known as the National Pact between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon, Shias are the only sect eligible for the post of Speaker of Parliament. According to al-Muhajir, Yaman-affiliated tribes which lived in the surroundings of Baalbek before 872, such as Banu Kalb[20] and Banu Hamdan[13] were supportive of Alid sentiments at the time, and they likely played a role in disseminating Shia Islam in the Bekaa and anti-Lebanon mountains. This tack also applies to Lebanon's Shiite militia Hezbollah, established by Iran in the early 1980s. Sectarian violence in Iraq last week resulted in 379 deaths and 458 wounded, the Iraqi government announced on Tuesday. These people influenced Lebanese art, literature, music, cuisine, religion, and architecture. In a 2020 study published in the American Journal of Human Genetics, authors showed that there is substantial genetic continuity in Lebanon and the Levant since the Bronze Age (33001200 BC) interrupted by three significant admixture events during the Iron Age, Hellenistic, and Ottoman period, each contributing 3%11% of non-local ancestry to the admixed population. Mustafa (Arabic: , romanized: Muaf) is one of the names of Muhammad, and the name means "chosen, selected, appointed, preferred", used as an Arabic given name and surname. For example, discussions about the mourning of the martyrdom of Imam Husain during Ashura, which was a clandestine affair before the 1920s and 1930s, led to its transformation into a public ceremony.[50]. lebanese sunni surnames. (1) Reduced Drug Imports, Lebanese emigrants 815,000 in three decades, SYRIA JOINS CHINAS BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE. [13], With the arrival of the First Crusade, Tripoli and Tyre initially resisted crusaders and paid tribute to prevent further conflict, which only proved temporary. How Can Sunnis and Shiites Tell Each Other Apart? - Slate Magazine A very pious Sunni man in Iraq may wear a long beard, and a pious Sunni woman might cover her face except for the eyes. shia surnames in pakistan - legal-innovation.com Liman is a Lebanon term for bright, shining and lustrous. Haplogroup J2 is also a significant marker in throughout Lebanon (27%). [28], Further South, the pinnacle of Jabal Amel occurred at the hands of Nassif al-Nassar (c. 17491781) of Ali al-Saghirs during his alliance with Zahir al-Umar. Ibrahim (Arabic/Biblical origin) meaning "friend of God"; Ibrahim is the Arabian derivation of the Biblical name Abraham. [36][25], After al-Jazzar's death he was succeeded by Sulayman Pasha al-Adil in 1805, who signed a treaty with the Shiites in order to end their attacks. [13], Most of Jabal Amel regained its autonomy under Husam ad-Din Bechara, a presumably local Shiite officer of Saladin who participated in the capture of Jabal Amel and became its lord from 1187 until 1200. Name of a friend of Prophet Muhammad. [40] However, the French breakdown on Shiites left the latter resentful against them. lebanese sunni surnamesinchkeith house mental health team Consultation Request a Free Consultation Now. Comte de Volney, who visited Lebanon between 1783 and 1785, indeed noted this. [28] In 1686, a joint Hamada-Harfush force defeated and drove Ottoman forces of Sidon and Tripoli and their allies out of Keserwan, who had encamped in the region earlier, leaving Jbeil susceptible to attack. Sunni clerics in Iraq rarely don a black turban, and the white headpieces they do wear look markedly different from the Shiite versions. The three Shia principalities underwent different historical trajectories. During that time, Husam ad-Din ruled over Toron, Banias and Chastel Neuf, giving him control of the road from Damascus to Tyre road which were of utmost importance in blocking any Frankish attempt at reconquest. The ansaris now reside in most countries of south asia with large populations in india, pakistan, bangladesh and nepal. lebanese sunni surnames - salgadosdesucesso.online [41] The last census in Lebanon in 1932 put the numbers of Shias at 19.6% of the population (154,208 of 785,543). elgin mental health center forensic treatment program. Where as with Sunni they have surnames like Mohammed,Syed,Ahmed,Baig, Khan and more. [17], Some of the primary accounts for Lebanon are relayed by Al-Maqdisi (c. 966985) and Nasir Khusraw. [3], The cultural and linguistic heritage of the Lebanese people is a blend of both indigenous Phoenician elements, Arab culture and the foreign cultures that have come to rule the land and its people over the course of thousands of years. In addition to their different narrative of Islam, the Ottomans suspected Shias of being a stalking horse for the Safavids, and often derogatorily referred to them as Qizilbash. [36], After the revolt, the region experienced a decade or so of political stability. "[48] This meant that the Shiite Ja'fari jurisprudence or madhhab was legally recognized as an official madhhab, and held judicial and political power on multiple levels. The region fell after 11 days of brutal fighting, driving an influx of Shiites toward the Beqaa valley and Jezzine, while a humbled minority stayed. A Lebanese Sunni cleric known for his strong anti-Hezbollah views was killed by a group that included his relatives, Lebanon's Internal Security Forces said. [84] Other haplogroups present among Lebanese Shia include E1b1b (17%), G-M201 (10%), R1b, and T-L206 occurring at smaller, but significant rates. Bab al-Tabbaneh, Jabal Mohsen clashes between pro-Syrian Alawites and anti-Syrian Sunnis have haunted Tripoli for decades.[62]. In order to bring their demands (mulabiyya) to the attention of the French authorities, petitions were signed and presented to the French High Commissioner and the Service de l'Instruction Publique. Following Ali al-As'ad's death in 1865, the Ottomans abolished the Sidon eyalet and incorporated Jabal Amel to Syria, effectively bringing Shiites under direct control of the Ottomans. 1 a ; ; . Aragona Capital > Uncategorized > lebanese sunni surnames > Uncategorized > lebanese sunni surnames Though little is known about Husam ad-Din's life, he was apparently a close friend of Saladin's son Al-Afdal who later converted to Shia Islam. The Mamluks punished the town of Machghara in 1364 for disobedience and religious dissidence. Show to them the love you show to yourselves. Al-Jazzar was initially on good terms with Nassif, but their alliance reached a bad point some time in 1781. The Shiites gradually grew more accepting of Greater Lebanon due to various sectarian and non-sectarian reasons. Sunnis and Shiitesin Iraqalso differ in the way they hold their hands during prayerup toward their chests or down at their sides, respectively. tall ships melbourne 1988; christianity in the early 1900s; natwest mortgage valuation process; abandoned hospital in dallas; task force 10 inch compound miter saw 251938 manual; Select Page. Shia Twelvers in Lebanon refers to the Shia Muslim Twelver community with a significant presence all over Lebanon including the Mount Lebanon (Keserwan, Byblos), the North (Batroun), the South, the Beqaa, Baabda District coastal areas and Beirut. In the Bekaa valley, the Shiites joined the Druze in ravaging Zahle and Baalbek after being alienated by the Zahalni (townsfolk of Zahle). [12], In Muharram 1305, the Mamluk army under the command of Aqqush al-Afram devastated the mountain-dwelling Shia community of Keserwan. It is a variant of the surname Al-Amin, which means faithful or trustworthy. [52] The seven villages are Qadas, Nabi Yusha, al-Malikiyya, Hunin, Tarbikha, Abil al-Qamh, and Saliha. The Alawites of the Levant were oppressed by the Sunni Ottoman Empire, but gained power and influence when the French recruited Alawites as soldiers during the French mandate of Syria. Ultra -religious Sunnis and Shiites are much more easily distinguished. Amid all this conflict, how can Shiites and Sunnis tell each other apart? Sharafeddine understood that sectarian hostility only gave purpose for French military presence in the area, and thus called for the protection of the Christians in the conference of Wadi al-Hujayr on 24 April 1920. Two Shia muqaddams, Ibn Bechara and Ibn Harfush, reportedly fought on each other's side. Got a question about todays news? February 27, 2023 . True Religion jeans for children are made in Mexico; jeans for adults are made in the U.S. Where are True Religion products made? nfhs volleyball jewelry rules; zimbabwe consulate appointment booking; sageata albastra tren viteza; apple specialist uk salary In successive polls, approval of the United States within the Sunni Lebanese . Post author: Post published: junho 10, 2022 Post category: cypress if element is visible Post comments: are baby wipes fsa eligible 2021 are baby wipes fsa eligible 2021 Isma'ilism, or "Sevener Shi'ism", is a branch of Shia Islam which emerged in 765 from a disagreement over the succession to Muhammad. Najm ad-Din ibn Malli al-Baalbeki (b. Khan, etc. Lebanese Sunni Muslims (Arabic: ) refers to Lebanese people who are adherents of the Sunni branch of Islam in Lebanon, which is one of the largest denomination in Lebanon tied with Shias. verset coranique pour attirer les femmes. Such influx either inaugurated the Shia community of Keserwan or inflated a previously established rural Shiite community there. 31 famous celebrities who are Muslim - CBS News A man named Omar, Abu Bakr, or Yazid would almost certainly be a Sunni, since these names correspond to the opponents of the first imams and the major villains of Shiite history. One of the names of prophet. [82], "Mutawl" redirects here. lebanese sunni surnames. ANWAR AMRO/AFP/Getty Images. Lebanese Alawites live mostly in the Jabal Mohsen neighbourhood of Tripoli, and in 10 villages in the Akkar region,[59][60][61] and are mainly represented by the Arab Democratic Party. While the French and Russians mainly encouraged Maronite and Orthodox active learning respectively, along with American Protestant missions in Beirut, the British established educational institutions in Druze areas, and Sunnis mainly benefitted from Ottoman state institutions. Lebanese Shia Muslims (Arabic: ), historically known as matwila (Arabic: , plural of mutawlin[2] ([Lebanese pronounced as metouali[3]]) refers to Lebanese people who are adherents of the Shia branch of Islam in Lebanon, which plays a major role along Lebanon's main Sunni, Maronite and Druze sects. 22. Among the factors contributing to the recent surge of Sunni extremism in Lebanon, the most prominent is perhaps the growing Sunni resentment of Hezbollah, especially after the Shiite movement in May 2013 officially announced its military involvement in Syria, in support of Bashar al-Assad. The family ruled most of Safed, Jabal Amel and occasionally Wadi al-Taym. Lebanon's Sunni community is its third largest ethnopolitical group and comprises one-fifth of the total population. This was the perfect moment for the French to strike, as they sent to the south an expedition of 4,0006,000 soldiers lead by Colonel Niger, heavily bombing the villages and crushing the Shiite rebellion by June 1920. best concrete pond sealer; mortal kombat 11 kronika fight; teacup poodle wyoming. lebanese sunni surnames Ibn al-Rida was eventually defeated and killed in battle near Damascus and his head was paraded in Baghdad. Scuba Certification; Private Scuba Lessons; Scuba Refresher for Certified Divers; Try Scuba Diving; Enriched Air Diver (Nitrox) According to a CIA 2018 study, Lebanese Sunni Muslims constitute an estimated 30.6% of Lebanon's population. Druze constitute 5.2% of the modern population of Lebanon and still have a strong demographic presence in their traditional regions within the country to this day.[63]. A . [21][22] Shias in the Bekaa valley remained under Muslim rule and were on good terms with Bahramshah (11821230), who welcomed a prominent Shia scholar from Homs in the city in 1210s, a gesture that "gave morale to the Shiites living in the nahiyah (of Baalbek)". Once again in 1195, Husam ad-Din and his forces fought off a Frankish siege at Toron. [15] When the Fatimids conquered the region in 970, they quarrelled with the local Shiites. what the Shi'ites did for the Christians in the south will be cherished in our hearts for as long as Lebanon and the Christians remain. Sworn Frenemies: Sunni-Shiite Conflict and Cooperation shia surnames in pakistan. These Itureans inhabited the hills above Tyre in Southern Lebanon, historically known as Jabal Amel, since at least the times of Alexander the Great, who fought them after they blocked his army's access to wood supply. About Us; Staff; Camps; Scuba. 36. While governmental Sunni religious institutions and figures such as Abdel Malik Saadi, Rafi Rifii, and senior clerics of the Sunni Endowmentsan institution that was perceived to be infiltrated by sympathizers of Iraq's Muslim Brotherhoodplayed some role in mobilizing Arab Sunnis in the Anbar sit-ins, the institutional landscape has changed by | Feb 25, 2023 | british canoeing star awards | call kingsport times news | Feb 25, 2023 | british canoeing star awards | call kingsport times news These contacts greatly angered the Ottomans. Arsal in the Crosshairs: The Predicament of a Small Lebanese Border As a result of his policies, Shiites held a meeting at Chehour village to organise guerrilla attacks against him, which continued throughout his rule. A very conservative Shiite man may be unwilling to wear a tie. [36] Following the Syrian National Congress in 2 July 1919, when Shiites restated their support for Syrian unity, Maronites increased their armed activities against the Shiites. Local analysis often stresses that the growth of Sunni extremism in Lebanon is the . But surnames arent reliable either, given the number of intermarriages that occurred under Baath party rule. He then proceeded to send his forces to ransack Shiite libraries rich in valuable manuscripts, and paraded the heads of the fallen in Sidon. Ask the Explainer. [28], Zahir's military potential was significantly boosted by the backing of 10,000 Shiite fighters, noted by a French consul as "excellent fighters",[28] who aided him against the sieges and assaults of the governors of Damascus, and participated in fifteen subsequent campaigns against his foes. Do Shia and Sunni Muslims have different surnames? - Quora [8], The Lebanese Sunni Muslims initially opposed the creation of the Lebanese state separated from Syria, where the majority of the population was also Sunni Muslim, and wanted the territory of present-day Lebanon to be incorporated within the so-called Greater Syria. Only Shiites would whip themselves with chains on the day of Ashura, to commemorate the murder of Ali and Hussein. The term 'mutawili' is also the name of a trustee in Islamic waqf-system. Sunnis dont accept the imams. "[51] With the Ja'fari shar'ia courts in practice, the Shia community was deliberately encouraged to "practice sectarianism" on a daily basis. [30] Furthermore, unlike Christians whose affairs were run by the millet system and were recognized as religious communities (e.g. In Ja'far al-Muhajir's assessment, the presence of pro-Alid tribes such as Hamdan and Madh'hij in the region after the HasanMuawiya treaty in 661 CE, likely acted as a vector that facilitated the Shi'ism among segments of the local populations in Jabal Amel, Galilee and Beqaa valley,[13] where anti-Abbasid sentiment was common as a result of discrimination and ongoing marginalization of the region by the Abbasids. [45] According to historian Elizabeth Thompson, private schools were part of "constant negotiations" between citizen and the French authorities in Lebanon, specifically regarding the hierarchical distribution of social capital along religious communal lines. Not to be confused with, E. G. Hardy, Roman Laws and Charters, New Jersey 2005, p.95, "March for secularism; religious laws are archaic", "Fadlallah Charges Every Sect in Lebanon Except his Own Wants to Dominate the Country", "Aspects of Christian-Muslim Relations in Contemporary Lebanon", The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, "Education and Reconfiguring Lebanese Shii Muslims into the Nation-State during the French Mandate, 192043", Completing The Task Of Evicting Israel From Lebanon, "Report: Hizbullah Training Shiite Syrians to Defend Villages against Rebels Naharnet", "Pressures in Syria affect Alawites in Lebanon The National", "Lebanon: Displaced Allawis find little relief in impoverished north", "Lebanon: Displaced families struggle on both sides of sectarian divide", "Syrian violence finds its echo in Lebanon", "Isma'ili Da'wa and Politics in Fatimid Egypt", "International Religious Freedom Report for 2011", "Lebanon 2008 2009: Towards a Citizen's State", "War with Israel interrupts rare industrial success story", "2012 Report on International Religious Freedom Lebanon", "Contemporary distribution of Lebanon's main religious groups", "A Genetic History of the Near East from an aDNA Time Course Sampling Eight Points in the Past 4,000 Years", Y-Chromosomal Diversity in Lebanon Is Structured by Recent Historical Events, "Influences of history, geography, and religion on genetic structure: the Maronites in Lebanon", "Genomic History of Neolithic to Bronze Age Anatolia, Northern Levant, and Southern Caucasus", "Continuity and Admixture in the Last Five Millennia of Levantine History from Ancient Canaanite and Present-Day Lebanese Genome Sequences", The Shia Rulers of Banu Ammar, Banu Mardas and the Mazidi, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebanese_Shia_Muslims&oldid=1142608348, This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 10:57. For the most part, you cant tell a Shiite or a Sunni by how they look, talk, or dress. At their high-point, Harfush domains extended from the Beqaa valley into Palmyra far in the Syrian Desert and sanjak of Homs in 1592 under Musa Harfush, and had obtained a rank in the provincial military hierarchy. Tiberias was visited in 880s by al-Ya'qubi who noted the presence of a Shia[13] tribe in the city, al-Ash'ari of Madh'hij who originally founded the Shia holy city of Qom in 703. [36] When the Great Syrian Revolt broke out in 1925, rebellion once again broke out but this time it was ineffective. Concerns about Islamic Extremism on the Rise in Middle East to guarantee confidentiality, mandated reporters are not required; Select Page. Though perhaps somewhat better established in neighbouring Syria, where the faith founded one of its first da'wah outposts in the city of Salamiyah (the supposed resting place of the Imam Isma'il) in the 8th century, it has been present in what is now Lebanon for centuries. [13] Al-Yunini identifies other notable Shia individuals from Baalbek in this period, including Muhammad bin Abi al-Hasan (11981278) from Baalbek, a battle-hardened fris and amir of 20 soldiers who fought the crusaders and Mongols; and Muhammad bin Muwaffaq al-Tanukhi (fl. Mostafa, Mostapha, Moustafa, Moustapha, Mustapha, Mustafi.

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