10 facts about the bridge on the river kwai

After a few days, the British medical officer Major Clipton (James Donald) tries to persuade both Saito and Nicholson to compromise, but both are unyielding. At their head was Lieutenant-Colonel Phillip Toosey. [66] The original negative for the feature was scanned at 4k (four times the resolution in High Definition), and the colour correction and digital restoration were also completed at 4k. A temporary wooden bridge was completed at the beginning of 1943 and a few months later the steel bridge (which can be seen today) was finished. "[47] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 87 out of 100 based on 14 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Boulle was given sole credit on the film and was awarded the Oscar for best screenplay. There are tourist trains to Nam Tok stopping at stations in between daily from the River Kwai Bridge station at 06.05, 11.00 and 14.30. as for the bridge on the River Kwai, it crossed the river only in the imagination of its author. The Mount Lavinia Hotel was used as a location for the hospital. Pierre Boulle, a Frenchman, who had experienced great hardship after being captured by the Vichy French on the Mekong River, wrote a novel called 'Le Pont de la rivire Kwa' - The Bridge of the . The bridge they build will become a symbol of service and survival to one prisoner, Colonel Nicholson, a proud perfectionist. The rest were made of wood and local materials. It is close to, but not over the country's border with Myanmar. Did he really want the enemy to come in across it? A Smith article describes bridge on River Kwai, near Kanchanaburi, Thailand, built by Allied POWs during Japanese occupation of Thailand in World War II and subject of famous film The Bridge on . Nicholson spots the wire and brings it to Saito's attention. At one point during filming, David Lean nearly drowned when he was swept away by a river current. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. David Lean's classic 1957 World War II movie Bridge on the River Kwai depicted the horrors endured by the Allied prisoners of war (POWs) forced to build the Thailand-Burma railway by the Japanese Imperial Army. 16- "You make me sick with your heroics! [16], Director David Lean clashed repeatedly with his cast members, particularly Guinness and James Donald, who thought the novel was anti-British. Victims were cremated and their remains are buried in the aforementioned graves. The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957) is an epic World War II adventure/action, anti-war drama. Lean shouted at them, 'For God's sake, whistle a march to keep time to.' Within 16 months the bridge was completed but it took another two years to complete the entire rail line. [18] The bridge in the film was near Kitulgala. Sessue Hayakawa (1889-1973) was a Japanese-born actor who came to Hollywood in the very early days of cinemahis first short, The Typhoon, was made in 1914and quickly became a matinee idol, playing exotic villains and such. Lets find out. Lets examine the history behind the film and the men who made it. The movie was mainly filmed in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and also in England. Lean only got $150,000 himself, but he always said Holden was worth it. Rather than draw on their own corps of manpower, which was busy fighting an eventual losing battle against encroaching Allied forces, it would put its legions of POWs and local forced labourers to work. Major Warden of SOE invites Shears to join a commando mission to destroy the bridge just as it is completed. Wise: "I never heard it in Thailand. Both bridges stood for two years and were destroyed by bombers in 1945. Over 65,000 Allied P.O.W.s battled torture, starvation, and disease to hack the 255-mile railway out of harsh jungle for the Japanese. In 1941 the Japanese Army invaded Thailand. Some Japanese viewers resented the movie's depiction of their engineers' capabilities as inferior and less advanced than they were in reality. 17. Lean insisted that Laughton could lose weight before shooting began, but Columbia Pictures' insurance underwriters refused to cover him, saying he was too unhealthy to endure several months on location in the jungles of Ceylon. Pay on the train. He was listed as missing in action in June 1943. The movie, based on the novel Le Pont de la rivire Kwa (1952) by French novelist Pierre Boulle, was adapted for the screen by Michael Wilson and Carl Foreman, who were both at the time on the Hollywood blacklist. International shipment of items may be subject to customs processing and additional charges. The Bridge on the River Kwai is a 1957 British-American epic war movie directed by David Lean and starring William Holden, Jack Hawkins, and Alec Guinness, featuring Sessue Hayakawa. The film "The Bridge on the River Kwai" dramatized the WWII story of the Thailand-Burma Railway, yet it was largely fictional. The Bridge on the River Kwai is a classic 1957 British-American war film based upon the 1952 novel Le Pont de la Rivire Kwai by Pierre Boulle. The site's critical consensus reads, "This complex war epic asks hard questions, resists easy answers, and boasts career-defining work from star Alec Guinness and director David Lean. Dying, Nicholson stumbles toward the detonator and falls on the plunger, blowing up the bridge and sending the train hurtling into the river. All the filming locations of The Bridge on the River Kwai are listed below. Tooseys men stated this never happened. A make-up man was also badly injured in the same accident. During its construction, approximately 13,000 prisoners of war died and were buried along the railway. You can also take a boat down the Kwai River . When the sun rises, the commandoes realize that the water level in the river has fallen, exposing the explosives and wiring. The River Kwai, also known as Khwae Noi or Khwae Sai Yok is a river located in the western region of Thailand. They are joined by approximately 1,850 Dutch casualties and one non-war grave. Colonel Nicholson, arrive at a Japanese prison camp in Thailand. She retired Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Assistant director John Kerrison was killed in a car crash on the way to one of the locations. (This can be compared to a scene in the 1927 movie, The General, which starred Buster Keaton.). But in Bangkok I was told that David Lean, the film's director, became mad at the extras who played the prisonersusbecause they couldn't march in time. After Guinness was done with the scene, Lean said, "Now you can all fuck off and go home, you English actors. The plot and characters of Boulle's novel and the screenplay were almost entirely fictional. The bridge cost $250,000 to build. Have a question about us or our work? 2023 Commonwealth War Graves Commission. [5][6] It has been included on the American Film Institute's list of best American films ever made. Shears is enjoying his hospital stay in Ceylon unwittingly within a commando school referred to as "Force 316" (likely based on the real world Force 136 of the Special Operations Executive (SOE)). Sam Spiegel bought the railroad train from the Ceylonese government. The railway ran for 250 miles from Ban Pong, Thailand to Thanbyuzayat, Burma and is now known as the Death Railway. David Leans 1957 epic Bridge on the River Kwai is regarded as one of the all-time great war films. Guinness, however, had his own reservations. David Lean, a British director then in his late forties, had made 11 films, including well-received adaptations of Charles Dickens (Great Expectations, Oliver Twist) and Noel Coward (Blithe Spirit, Brief Encounter). Around 3,100 Commonwealth Burma war graves can be found at Thanbyuzayat, alongside roughly 620 Dutch burials. The conditions to which POW and civilian labourers were subjected were far worse than the film depicted. He didn't like the screenplay because it reduced Nicholson to secondary status. Geoffrey Horne saved his life. It was released in the US on December 14, 1957, taking in a reported $17M+, which made it the highest-grossing film of 1957. Lean liked that draft even less. Starring Alec Guinness, it depicts the struggles and defiance of Japanese prisoners of war building the fictional Burma railway between 1943-44. It stretched from Japan, Korea, and China in the north all the way down to Indonesia. Around the time that he was offered the movie, David Lean had little money, as he was in the middle of a financially ruinous divorce, and was very much in need of a new project. Spiegel sent the screenplay to the Japanese government ahead of time, hoping to get their cooperation with the production. The surviving sections stand as monuments to the men who suffered so much to build them. Omissions? Warden tells the Siamese women that he had to prevent anyone from falling into enemy hands, and leaves with them. One of a number of Allied POW"s . Bridge over the River Kwai, Kanchanaburi, Thailand. It was initially scripted by screenwriter Carl Foreman, who was later replaced by Michael Wilson. From iconic memorials to local churchyards, there is unique heritage to explore across Great Britain. 14. They were soon sent to Thailand to begin labouring on the Death Railway. Although the Death Railway has never again reached the Myanmar border, a shorter stretch was reopened by Thailand's railway authorities between 1949 and 1958, and trains on this modern-day line cross the infamous Bridge on the River Kwai. It is famously known as the setting for the a 1957 World War Two epic Bridge over the River Kwai. Toosey in fact did as much as possible to delay the building of the bridge. Lean had a lengthy row with Guinness over how to play the role of Nicholson; the actor wanted to play the part with a sense of humour and sympathy, while Lean thought Nicholson should be "a bore." The screenplay was instead credited to the novelist, Boullewhich was quite a feat, since he didnt speak or read English. Its estimated around 16,000 Allied prisoners of war were killed during construction of the Burma-Siam Railway. Check out where to stay in Kanchanaburi and book an accommodation of your choice. Get information about our funding, our Customer Charter and our Strategic Plan. [43] By October 1960, the film had earned worldwide box office revenues of $30 million. He was a huge star, drawing a weekly salary of $5000 in 1915 (adjusted for inflation: $119,000) and appearing in more than 60 films between 1914 and 1924. 24. Questions or feedback on our new site? He'd just been through a costly divorce from actress Ann Todd. Alec Guiness overseeing men working on the tracks in a scene from the film 'The Bridge On The River Kwai', 1957. One of the iconic war films of its time, the Bridge on the River Kwai has shone a spotlight on POWs suffering. And a bloke called George Siegatz[29] an expert whistlerbegan to whistle Colonel Bogey, and a hit was born.". Nicholson desperately tries to keep Joyce from depressing the plunger, while Shears and Warden try to kill Nicholson. The Bridge on the River Kwai was a smash hit on release. [11] Guinness admitted that Lean "didn't particularly want me" for the role, and thought about immediately returning to England when he arrived in Ceylon and Lean reminded him that he wasn't the first choice. [30], A 1969 BBC television documentary, Return to the River Kwai, made by former POW John Coast,[33] sought to highlight the real history behind the film (partly through getting ex-POWs to question its factual basis, for example Dr Hugh de Wardener and Lt-Col Alfred Knights), which angered many former POWs. He wanders into a Burmese village, is nursed back to health, and eventually reaches the British colony of Ceylon. In a prison camp, British POWs are forced into labor. This records the names of 11 Indian army men buried in Muslim cemeteries throughout Thailand whose graves could not be maintained. The Bridge On The River Kwai is the World War II Oscar winner about an Army colonel (Alec Guinness) obsessed with proving British superiority over his Japanese captors by showing that his . Persuaded that the film would be about the horror and folly of war, the Japanese government sent a military adviser to help with the camp scenes. The Bridge On The River Kwai Trivia: Fun And Interesting Facts About The Bridge On The River Kwai: Fascinating Facts About The Bridge on the River Kwai - Kindle edition by Randolph, Amanda. 2. Read our Cookie Policy, Terms & Conditions and Data Protection & Privacy Policy. Corrections? In 1985, the Academy officially recognized Foreman and Wilson as the screenwriters and posthumously awarded the Oscar to them. Log in. Leadership Analysis: The Bridge On The River Kwai. It was more of a transit hub where prisoners were moved to other work areas along the railway route. Shears tries to get out of the mission by confessing that he impersonated an officer, hoping for better treatment from the Japanese. The prisoners of war who had . But whats the real story? The Bridge on the River Kwai poses complex interpretive issues about the vagaries of war and military behavior as conveyed by the Japanese soldiers, Commander Saito, Lt. Col. Nicholson, and the British captives. Construction of the Burma-Siam railway began in October 1942 and would end in October 1943. The Bridge on the River Kwai is a 1957 epic war film directed by David Lean and based on the 1952 novel written by Pierre Boulle.Although the film uses the historical setting of the construction of the Burma Railway in 1942-1943, the plot and characters of Boulle's novel and the screenplay are almost entirely fictional. Answer (1 of 7): David Lean made some excellent films His Dickens films of the 1940's are classic black and white versions of OLIVER TWIST and GREAT EXPECTATIONS He discovered color and the wide screen in the 1950's and 1960's Besides BRIDGE, Lean also did LAWRENCE OF ARABIA and DR ZHIVAGO Peo. Those who were there did not think much of the novel or film of the Bridge of the River Kwai. "[17], The film was made in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). TakeMeTour's Review. Some sections, such as the infamous Hellfire Pass, required carving through tough sheer rock. The movie has been included on the American Film Institutes list of best American films ever made. It was still highly unusual at that time for a television network to show such a long film in one evening; most films of that length were still generally split into two parts and shown over two evenings. The film was based on the 1952 novel Bridge over the River Kwai by Pierre Boulle. Thanks to the film, the Bridge, situated in the Thai town of Kanchanaburi a couple of hours drive from Bangkok, is one of Thailand . [9], The film was relatively faithful to the novel, with two major exceptions. Supplying it by ship was the only practical solution. Some 5,000 Commonwealth World War Two casualties are buried or commemorated in Kanchanaburi. Madness!" So go the tragic final words of David Lean's The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957), a spectacular and deeply-moving WWII adventure film that still entertains and challenges over sixty years later. THE BRIDGE ON THE RIVER KWAI takes place in Japan-occupied Siam (later Thailand) in 1943, after the Imperial Japanese Empire has conquered vast territories of Asia. The actual bridge on the River Kwai is located in Thailand, and stretches over a part of the Mae Klong river, which was renamed Khwae Yai (Thai for big tributary). Toosey was very different from Nicholson and was certainly not a collaborator who felt obliged to work with the Japanese. A picture of the actual bridge over the River Kwai in June 2004. By the way, the real Kwai River was just a trickle near Burma, where Boulle set his bridge; the actual bridge had been built 200 miles away, near Bangkok. In the setting of World War II, a defeated unit British Soldiers is marched into a Japanese prison camp in western Thailand, with the purpose of constructing a bridge over the River Kwai to carry a new railway line to invade Burma. [3] Since it was not a documentary, there are many historical inaccuracies in the film, as noted by eyewitnesses to the building of the real Burma Railway by historians.[30][31][32][33]. Concurrently, Shears, after a harrowing journey in which he nearly loses his life more than once, is rescued by the British and then required to lead a group of commandoes headed by Major Warden (Jack Hawkins) back to the POW camp that he escaped from in order to blow up the bridge. Bus Bangkok - Kanchanaburi $ 7.19 3h 30m. They felt none of the Bridge on the River Kwai cast could fully understand or represent what it was like to be there. This film is taken from a popular novel written by Pierre Boulle in 1952. The destruction of the bridge as depicted in the film is also entirely fictional. The action of the movie takes place in a Japanese prisoner-of-war (POW) camp in . [10], Although Lean later denied it, Charles Laughton was his first choice for the role of Nicholson. Nicholson yells for help, while attempting to stop Joyce from reaching the detonator. As it opens, two POWs, the American navy commander Shears (William Holden) and an Australian, are digging graves for their companions. [7][8] In 1999, the British Film Institute voted The Bridge on the River Kwai the 11th greatest British film of the 20th century. Other parts have been placed in various local war museums. Copyright 2020 Tons Of Facts. The Bridge on the River Kwai is a 1957 British-American epic war movie directed by David Lean and starring William Holden, Jack Hawkins, and Alec Guinness, featuring Sessue Hayakawa. Be the first one to write a review. Lean wanted Holden, a big star and recent Oscar winner (for Stalag 17), to play American prisoner Major Shears, over the objections of producer Spiegel, who wanted Cary Grant. Both bridges were used for two years, until they were destroyed by Allied bombing. Sign-up for free daily emails with the latest news about British culture, heritage, and history! Kanburi wasnt a work camp as such. The Bridge on the River Kwai is now widely recognized as one of the greatest films ever made. In early 1943, World War II British prisoners arrive by train at a Japanese prison camp in Burma. Kanchanaburi town is located around 130 kilometres northwest of Bangkok. Like thousands of other POWs, Lamb was kept in degrading conditions, refused medical treatment and barely fed. He succumbed to malaria, dysentery, and malnutrition at Camp Kilo 101 in Thailand. Lean wanted to use the tune in Kwai, figured those lyrics wouldn't pass the censors (or the approval of the composer's widow), and opted to have the troops whistle it instead. Civilian workmen suffered terribly too, with their casualties far outstripping the military personnel. Saito is expected to commit ritual suicide if he fails to meet the rapidly approaching deadline. The filming of the bridge explosion was to be done on 10 March 1957, in the presence of S.W.R.D. 18. Guinness regarded this one tiny scene as some of the finest work he did throughout his entire career. Nevertheless, the leeches in the recreated swamps were real. ", Warden fires a mortar, killing Shears and Joyce and fatally wounding Nicholson. However, cameraman Freddy Ford was unable to get out of the way of the explosion in time, and Lean had to stop filming. Pitted against the warden, Colonel . Only in 1984 did the Academy rectify the situation by retroactively awarding the Oscar to Foreman and Wilson, posthumously in both cases. (He didn't attend the Oscars, either.) Japanese guards were known for their cruelty and would frequently torture and assault their prisoners. With William Holden, Alec Guinness, Jack Hawkins, Sessue Hayakawa. Following the raids, Thanbyuzayat was evacuated. "[52] Harrison's Reports described the film as an "excellent World War II adventure melodrama" in which the "production values are first-rate and so is the photography. The Bridge over the River Kwai (French: Le Pont de la rivire Kwa) is a novel by the French novelist Pierre Boulle, published in French in 1952 and English translation by Xan Fielding in 1954. While Nicholson disapproves of acts of sabotage and other deliberate attempts to delay progress, Toosey encouraged this: termites were collected in large numbers to eat the wooden structures, and the concrete was badly mixed. For the scenes where William Holden, Jack Hawkins, Geoffrey Horne and the native girls had to wade through swamps, they were wading through specially created ones. Along with 1,250 other POWs, he died while in transit from Singapore to Japan aboard the Rakuyo Maro transport ship after it was torpedoed by a US submarine. The movie is based on the novel Le Pont de la Riviere Kwai by Pierre Boulle. Alec Guiness, William Holden, and Jack Hawkins in front of bridge they built in a scene from the film 'The Bridge On The River Kwai', 1957. 25. POWs and indentured labourers were worked to death while busy constructing the railway simultaneously. [60] The 167-minute film was first telecast, uncut, in colour, on the evening of 25 September 1966, as a three hours-plus ABC Movie Special. In 1997, the film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress. There's a stench of death about you. 60,000 or so Allied prisoners of war, including British, Australian, Dutch and some US troops, alongside more than 200,000 civilian labourers were pressed into service. He was contracted for $150,000 to be paid in installments. He also didn't like hearing that he was Lean's second choice for the role, a fact made more awkward when he arrived in Ceylon and Lean greeted him with, "Of course, you know I really wanted Charles Laughton." This page was last modified on 6 February 2023, at 06:05. To learn more about the men behind the real story of the Bridge on the River Kwai, and to discover the casualties, please use our Find War Dead tool. Full scale plan drawing for the main cantilever bridge design. As the train approaches, Nicholson frantically pulls up the wire, following it to find the detonator. THE HEAD OF COLUMBIA PICTURES FORCED LEAN TO ADD A LOVE SCENE. By this time, the United States and its naval and industrial might had entered the war. That evening, the officers are placed in a punishment hut, while Nicholson is beaten and locked in an iron box. They were supported by an unknown number of Malaysian labourers. Read more. The train crashed into a generator on the other side of the bridge and was wrecked. British POWs are forced to build a railway bridge across the river Kwai for their Japanese captors in occupied Burma, not knowing that the allied forces are planning a daring commando raid through the jungle to destroy it. Part of this project was building bridges over Thailand's Kwai Yai, at a place named Tamarkan, which is near a town named Kanchanaburi. The adventure war film The Bridge on the River Kwai may have swept the board of awards and attracted acclaim as one best films of the 20th century, but the War Office was very nervous "it would . Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Clipton objects, believing this to be collaboration with the enemy. Updates? Cast the Expert: Percy Herbert, who played the role of a prisoner of war in the film, actually spent four . The story is fictional but uses the construction of the Burma Railway, in 1942-1943, as its historical setting, and is partly based on Pierre Boulle's own life experience working in Malaysia rubber . He described the music for The Bridge on the River Kwai as the "worst job I ever had in my life" from the point of view of time. The Hitchhiker's Guide has this to say about John Rabon: When not pretending to travel in time and space, eating bananas, and claiming that things are "fantastic", John lives in North Carolina. As a result, Boulle, who did not speak English, was credited and received the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay; many years later, Foreman and Wilson posthumously received the Academy Award.[4]. The bridge, several museums, and cemeteries have respectfully preserved the history and memorialized the dead. 23. The Bridge on the River Kwai Facts for Kids. US $4.49 Standard Shipping from outside US. During the cutting of Hellfire Pass, for example, 69 men were beaten to death across a twelve-week period. David Lean, director of such landmark epics as Lawrence of Arabia and Doctor Zhivago, didn't always make giant movies. The Suez Canal crisis of 1956 badly affected production. Moreover, Kanchanaburi has an annual "Bridge Over the River Kwai" week, which has a sound show to relive the moments of World War II. 's working to build and/or destroy a bridge for the Japanese during World War II. Recognising Shears, Nicholson exclaims, "What have I done? "[57], Some Japanese viewers have disliked the film's depiction of the Japanese characters and the historical background presented as being inaccurate, particularly in the interactions between Saito and Nicholson. Chungkai War Cemetery is something of a sister site to Kanchanaburi. The Kwai River Bridge was part of the meter-gauge railway constructed by the Japanese during World War Two. A small tourist train offers rides across the bridges span, while pedestrians can also travel over it on foot. It begins with British troops being marched into the prison camp after their surrender to the Japanese at Singapore. True Grit, Sanctum, Green Lantern and Superman. She recommended Lean to producer Sam Spiegel, who'd been turned down by Fred Zinnemann, William Wyler, and Carol Reed, and offered the directing job to Lean as a last resort. She spent most of the next 42 years working as a copy editor and editor at Encyclopaedia Britannica. In the movie the bridge is destroyed by commandos. (Lean denied ever wanting Laughton for the role, despite abundant documented evidence to the contrary.). Instead of the five year predicted completion, the bridge on river Kwai, was completed in 16 months. The weather is good, not hot The train passes at 10 AM and the train returns at 4 PM. A Cholera epidemic swept through Nieke Camp between May-June 1943. Disease was a huge killer among railway workers, but so was brutality. In many tense, dramatic scenes, only the sounds of nature are used. The movie was filmed in Ceylon, which is now Sri Lanka. Brigadier Varley would survive the hellish building work along the Burma-Siam Railway but not the war. Roger Ebert focused on the symbolism of the bridge in this 1999 description: "[The war] narrows down to a single task, building a . Bridge On The River Kwai is an Epic war-based film. The Bridge of the River kwai It is a tourist attraction of Kanchanaburi. The Bridge on the River Kwai is a British 1957 World War II film by David Lean based on the novel The Bridge Over the River Kwai by French writer Pierre Boulle. Weill you be in London for the Coronation in 2023? The British Film Institute placed The Bridge on the River Kwai as the 11th greatest British film. The two did not collaborate on the script; Wilson took over after Lean was dissatisfied with Foreman's work. In reality, Risaburo Saito was respected by his prisoners for being comparatively merciful and fair towards them. The movie garnered seven Academy Awards, including that for best picture, as well as three Golden Globe Awards and four BAFTA awards. Warden responds that he already knew and that the US Navy had agreed to transfer him to the British SOE with the simulated rank of Major to avoid embarrassment. 7. 19. The documentary itself was described by one newspaper reviewer when it was shown on Boxing Day 1974 (The Bridge on the River Kwai had been shown on BBC1 on Christmas Day 1974) as "Following the movie, this is a rerun of the antidote."[37]. The casualties of the Burma-Siam railway were often buried in camp burial grounds located close to where they originally fell. 16. To enjoy Thailand River cruises, you need to understand a little about the geography of Thailand and its river system. So Spiegel hired another writer, Calder Willingham, to give it a crack. They built a railway to link Bangkok to Rangoon. The action of the movie takes place in a Japanese prisoner-of-war (POW) camp in Burma during World War II. The movie starring William Holden, Alec Guinness and Jack Hawkins was shot at more than 1 locations. train on the bridge over the river kwai in kanchanaburi, thailan - bridge over the river kwai stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images FLOATING HOUSES ON THE RIVER KWAI, KANCHANABURI, THAILAND. US Navy Commander Shears tells of the horrific conditions. Since it first graced the silver screen won the admiration of audiences everywhere and continues to do so. The movie was mainly filmed in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and also in England. What's happening in this "The Bridge on the River Kwai" movie clip?Warden (Jack Hawkins from Land of the Pharaohs and Ben-Hur) fires a mortar, wounding Nicho. See details. The Bridge on the River Kwai is a work of fiction, but borrows the construction of the Burma Railway in 1942 to 1943 for its historical setting.

How Old Was Mariah Carey In Heartbreaker, How To Find Probability With Mean And Standard Deviation, Used Oc1 For Sale Australia, Articles OTHER