The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). %%EOF Actually, the result, as may be seen in the table, are in exactly the same direction, and the magnitude of the mean differences is fully as large as on the first question. (Boulding, 1969) 48 0 obj Scott, W. A. The observed opinion change is greater than for persons who only hear the speech or for persons who read a prepared speech with emphasis solely on execution and manner of delivery The authors of these two studies explain their results mainly in terms of mental rehearsal and thinking up new arguments. From our point of view the experiment had hardly started. Psy 301: Social Psychology The girl, after this listened quietly, accepting and agreeing to everything the S told her. Sandy was using_______ processing. The influence of role-playing on opinion change. Some researchers believe that Milgram's results were a form of the________ technique of persuasion. If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. Most of our subjects tell us afterward that they found it quite interesting You get a chance to see how you react to the tasks and so forth." One side argued that football was good for a university, the other side argued that it was harmful. The content of what the S said before the girl made the remark that her friend told her it was boring. This has many practical implications. As the E and the S started to walk to the office where the interviewer was, the E said: "Thanks very much for working on those tasks for us. One S (in the One Dollar condition), immediately after having talked to the girl, demanded her phone number saying he would call her and explain things, and also told the E he wanted to wait until she was finished so he could tell her about it. The driver was making a situational attribution; the officer was making a dispositional attribution. //document.getElementById('maincontent').style.display = 'none'; GzXfc^+"R89DP{va3'72IKmr(6*k&LCl7pK)rMTvlTx6Gdo-mnsU If you have a negative attitude toward something, but you behave like you enjoy it, this causes dissonance. In all the comparisons, the Control condition should be regarded as a baseline from which to evaluate the results in the other two conditions. If an environmental group is trying to persuade the public to join its cause, it needs to focus on the, When someone who thinks they're smart does something they think is stupid, it causes, In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task, convinced themselves that the task was interesting, Karen is late for work, and her co-worker, Jeff, assumes it is because she is careless and lazy. Which of the following is not one of the reasons given by the text for interpersonal attraction? In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem. 3. Because of the desirability of investigating this possible alternative explanation, we recorded on a tape recorder the conversation between each S and the girl. Why this might have been the case is, of course, not immediately apparent. Two studies reported by Janis and King (1954; 1956) clearly showed that, at least under some conditions, the private opinion changes so as to bring it into closer correspondence with the overt behavior the person was forced to perform. The resulting dissonance could, of course, most directly be reduced by persuading themselves that the tasks were, indeed, interesting and enjoyable. Despite the seriousness of his message, the police officer jokes and laughs with the employees. Many people resisted school desegregation, saying, "You can't change people's behavior before you change their attitudes.". 47 0 obj The data from the other conditions may be viewed, in a sense, as changes from this baseline. Prejudice is to ____ as discrimination is to _______. [2] All statistical tests referred to in this paper are two-tailed. The other group was paid 1/20th as much, the equivalent of about $5 now. This is further explained in Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith's study in 1954. As shown in Ashes experiment, conforming to the majority happens more often than people think. What are some practical implications of cognitive dissonance theory? This project has received funding from the, You are free to copy, share and adapt any text in the article, as long as you give, Select from one of the other courses available, https://explorable.com/cognitive-dissonance, Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites. Franklin said if you want someone to like you, get that person to do you a favor. Festinger explained it this way in A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957): The existence of dissonance, being psychologically uncomfortable, will motivate the person to try to reduce the dissonance and achieve consonance. His task was to turn each peg a quarter turn clockwise, then another quarter turn, and so on. The three components of attitude are _____, thoughts, and actions. Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. What happens when students are asked to defend positions contrary to their beliefs? When experimenters asked later for the truth, the highly paid subjects said the experiment was actually boring. This is an example of_______ cause. These 11 Ss were, of course, run through the total experiment anyhow and the experiment was explained to them afterwards. Specifically, as applied to our results, this a1ternative explanation would maintain that perhaps, for some reason, the Ss in the One Dollar condition worked harder at telling the waiting girl that the tasks were fun and enjoyable. JANIS, I.L. He must be a genius." This automatic assumption about the student's personality is an example of, The process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of other people is called. Three Ss (one in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) refused to take the money and refused to be hired. His hair is uncombed and he hasn't shaved in a few days. First published in Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. The concept of aggression as a basic human instinct driving people to destructive acts was part of early_____theory. In Festinger and Carlsmith's experiment, 11 of the 71 responses were considered invalid for a couple of reasons. The public service messages that encourage parents to sit down with their children and talk frankly about drugs are promoting which method of attitude formation? 0000000868 00000 n Recently, Festinger (1957) bas proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance. 1 Behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy another person is referred to as. They were told that the study aims to evaluate these experiments to help them improve these in the future. 2. C. She knew she had to find something that she was interested in. The variability is greater, however, and the differences do not yield high levels of statistical significance. At the close of the interview the S was asked what he thought the experiment was about and, following this, was asked directly whether or not he was suspicious of anything and, if so, what he was suspicious of. When she gets up to play it at the recital in front of 100 people, she preforms it better than she ever has. To prevent groupthink, member's of a group should do all but which of the following? Sandy was a juror in the trial for a man accused of stealing guns from a sporting goods store. anything important? This was rated in the same way as for the content before the remark. York University, Toronto, Ontario. Nicole thinks of herself as an honest, trustworthy person. Cognitive Dissonance refers to the discomfort that is felt when a person has two beliefs that conflict with each other, or when they are engaging in . Participants in the $1 condition experience greater discomfort and agitation when lying about how fun the task was than do participants in the $20 condition. Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. For example, one way would be for the S to magnify for himself the value of the reward he obtained. Before the subjects left the experiment, the experimenter commented that his research assistant would be unavailable to help the following day. Which of the following is not one of the three things people do to reduce cognitive dissonance? Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! in order to reduce dissonance. Only recently has there been any experimental work related to this question. 0000012870 00000 n 0000010779 00000 n 2. His data, however did not support this idea. An unpleasant psychological state often aroused when people hold two conflicting cognition. %PDF-1.7 % Please sign in to share these flashcards. Psychologists familiar with dissonance theory said just the opposite. In the . Is it simply the actions of an explicitly racist contingent? Cognitive Dissonance. /Contents 58 0 R dissonance, and as a result, they would rate the task as less The participants were asked to carry out series of monotonous tasks that were meant to be boring and nonsensical. hXr8=fj*!US%mfy l8oIbR0Bn t7!g] %>))BI0` 98sUx GHM. Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice? When her boyfriend refuses, she asks, "Well, will you at least wash the dishes then?" DISCUSSION. He also gives each taster a coupon worth $1 off his or her grocery bill. Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. Solomon Asch, a social psychologist conducted a series of experiments called Asch conformity to study how the behavior of a certain group influence the behav Normative conformity is most commonly referred to as peer pressure, and is prevalent in our present society. They changed their attitudes to relieve the dissonance and fully believed that the activities were interesting. Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page. On the other hand, the ones who were paid $20, apparently had the money as their primary justification for carrying out their task. All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. Her improved performance is an example of. Some have already been discussed. All Ss, without exception, were quite willing to return the money. The______explanation of prejudice assumes that the same processes that help form other attitudes form prejudiced attitudes. If the results of our experiment are to be taken as strong corroboration of the theory of cognitive dissonance, this possible alternative explanation must be dealt with. As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. It is possible, then, that the results on this question, shown in the third row of figures in Table 1, might reflect dissonance reduction. This question is less directly related to the dissonance that was experimentally created for the Ss. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. We would also like to acknowledge the help of Ruth Smith and Marilyn M. Miller. Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message. Maria's fellow professor asked her to teach an honors class in the spring. Twenty Dollar condition. He did this for one-half hour. Subjects rated this using a scale of negative 5 to positive 5 (-5 to +5). 0 Prejudice and discrimination are least likely to develop in which of the following situations? enjoyable than the others would. 0000010660 00000 n That is it. Leon Festinger introduced cognitive dissonance theory in a 1957 book, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. On the other hand, people paid only $1 were more likely to say, when asked later, that the experiment was "not bad" or that it was "interesting.". %PDF-1.5 There are, after all, other ways in which the experimentally created dissonance could be reduced. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. Her parents attribute this to Elizabeth's laziness. Which of the following represents an example of cognitive dissonance? A laboratory experiment was designed to test these derivations. }. According to the bystander effect, Leshan is more likely to get help if there is (are)______. show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do, stanford uni students were asked to do simple, boring tasks for an hour and the researchers timed them with a stopwatch and took notes to make it seem as if the task was important, the participants were given either $1 or $20 to tell another student that the task was fun, there was a clear difference of opinion in the follow up interview. Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). We felt it was important to show that the effect was not a completely general one but was specific to the content of the dissonance which was created. In other words, a contradiction (dissonance) between attitude and behavior is uncomfortable, so it motivates a person to change behavior or attitudes (whichever is easier to change) to eliminate the contradiction. Selena is trying to get her boyfriend to wash the dishes for her. endobj This short persuasive communication was made in all conditions in exactly the same way. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-211. Add to folder The people who were paid $1 rated the task as more enjoyable because they had no ample justification for lying, so they convinced themselves that the task was fun and rated it as fun. The students presumably put some effort into building and defending their arguments. Physical attractiveness is most involved in which of the following aspects of persuasion? << The theory was first introduced in his 1957 book A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance and further elaborated in the article Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance (Festinger and Carlsmith, 1959). June 22, 2015 They were told that a sample of students would be interviewed after having served as Ss. I hope you did enjoy it. Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with " Meas-ures of Performance." During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that the psychology department was conducting. Obviously, Gerard knows nothing about. Eliot Aronson, himself a famous social psychologist and former student of Festinger, called this "the most important experiment in the history of social psychology" ("Social Researcher", 1984). /N 8 For Jerry, going to the dog races a lot represents the___________component of an attitude. Which of the following has been shown to be true concerning the "teachers" in Milgram's experiment? Which situation would be last likely to result in a decrease of prejudice? /Type/Page That is uncomfortable, unless you have a good explanation for your behavior (such as being paid a lot of money). Maria agreed only to find out after agreeing that teaching such a course also meant that she would have to attend meetings of the honors professors, go to honors- oriented conventions, and take on special advising duties. 2. if( window.canRunAds === undefined ){ Which of the following statements is TRUE? Jerry goes to a lot of dog races because he enjoys them and loves to see the dogs run. Rating scale -5 to +5, Did the experiment give the subject an opportunity to learn about their own abilities? Researchers have found that a________ degree of fear in a message makes it more effective particularly when it it combined with __________. If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. The amount of money paid the subject was varied. It is clear from examining the table that, in all cases, the Twenty Dollar condition is slightly higher The differences are small, however, and only on the rating of "amount of time" does the difference between the two conditions even approach significance. Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all groups members get the same grade. This has many practical implications. So they did not have to change their true attitudes. The text in this article is licensed under the Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Which communicator would likely be most persuasive? I'm sure you'll enjoy it." Once a situation has been defined as an emergency, the next step in the decision-making process is_______. One of the major weaknesses of the data is that not all subjects in the experiment made an overt statement contrary to their private opinion in order to obtain the offered reward. We will have more to say concerning this explanation in discussing the results of our experiment. In a classic piece of cognitive dissonance research, researchers assigned students to different sides of a debate about the merits of college football. One would then expect no differences at all among the three conditions. In this course, students are required to spend a certain number of hours as subjects (Ss) in experiments. His boss, Marco, assumes that traffic was bad this morning. This is an example of, Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. For an hour, you are required to perform dull tasks, such as turning wooden knobs again and again. In Asch's black line experiment, participants. ---------------------References: While it is true that the experiment took place in the 50s, the results are still being recognized up to this date. . More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. (Boulding, 1969). After you finish, the experimenter (Carlsmith) explains that the study concerns how expectations affect performance. In the first experiment designed to test these theoretical ideas, Aronson and Mills (1959) had women undergo a severe or mild "initiation" to become a member of a group. 109 0 obj <>stream But other factors would enter also. 60 0 obj Hum. Their research suggested to them that if the laws changed first, forcing a change in behavior, the attitudes would follow along later. /MediaBox[0 0 484 720] endstream endobj startxref Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. The students presumably put some effort into building and defending their arguments. participants were paid $1 and the other half was paid $20. The mean ratings for the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions, averaging the ratings of the two independent raters, are presented in Table 2. // adblocker detected task faced a greater degree of dissonance than the ones who were paid $20, so 1. B. You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. How are these 100 people likely to respond? OF A POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATION. [/PDF The average rating in this condition is only -.05, slightly and not significantly higher than the Control condition. If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about? He explained that, since they were required to serve in experiments, the department was conducting a study to evaluate these experiments in order to be able to improve them in the future. bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly. Which of the following was NOT a component of Robert Sternberg's theory of love? Gerard goes to his job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn t-shirt, and sandals. Kelman (1953), in the previously mentioned study, in attempting to explain the unexpected finding that the persons who complied in the moderate reward condition changed their opinion more than in the high reward condition, also proposed the same kind of explanation. Similarly, the knowledge that he has said "not X" is consonant with (does fit together with) those cognitive elements corresponding to the reasons, pressures, promises of rewards and/or threats of punishment which induced him to say "not X. Festinger and Carlsmith had predicted He then left saying he would return in a couple of minutes. Oct. 2011. The interviewer, of course, was always kept in complete ignorance of which condition the S was in. moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences. The subjects were divided into two groups, A and B, where Group A was provided no introduction regarding the tasks they will be performing and Group B was. To achieve consonance, something has to give. Cheryl's co-worker also got a bad grade on a test, which Cheryl attributes to her co-worker's laziness. The experimenter (E) then came in, introducing himself to the S and, together, they walked into the laboratory room where the E said: With no further introduction or explanation the S was shown the first task, which involved putting 12 spools onto a tray, emptying the tray, refilling it with spools, and so on. /Info 46 0 R Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith conducted a study on cognitive dissonance investigating on the cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Martha doesn't want her young son to touch the heating stove. 2. Christopher D. Green In Latane and Darley's classic 1969 study, they found that____ of the participants reported the smoke in the room when the two confederates in the room noticed the smoke but then ignored it. The prediction [from 3 and 4 above] is that the larger the reward given to the subject, the smaller will be the subsequent opinion change. Evanston, Ill: Row Peterson, 1957. "I didn't like the sermon at all today. The neurotransmitter that seems most involved in aggression is_________. What is more, as one might expect, the percentage of subjects who complied increased as the size of the offered reward increased. The results on this question are shown in the second row of figures in Table 1. Three conditions were run, Control, One Dollar, and Twenty Dollars as follows: If the S hesitated, the E said things like, "It will only take a few minutes," "The regular person is pretty reliable; this is the first time he has missed," or "If we needed you we could phone you a day or two in advance; if you couldn't make it of course, we wouldn't expect you to come." test scores of each group decreased when it was the out-group. Kelman (1953) tried to pursue the matter further. In order to teach her second grade students about ______, teacher Jane Elliot created in-groups and out-groups based on the superficial characteristic of eye color. Yet no one calls the police. Research on conformity suggests that if a _____ response is required, ______ show more conformity than ______. In the chapter section Attitudes and Behaviours that Affect Social Interaction, Paul Angelini (2011) introdected the negative elements of social interactio Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; audio not yet available for this language, In Solomon Asch's study, confederates were instructed to, give the incorrect answer to the line-matching task. Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)? There remain, for analysis, 20 Ss in each of the thee conditions. 4. Relat., 1956, 9, 177-186. Typically the behavior is in the past, by the time the person feels dissonance, so the behavior cannot be changed. The Ss were given a very good reason, in addition to being paid, for saying what they did to the waiting girl. When a one-hour session had been completed the students were asked to tell the next participant that the experiment was extremely interesting and enjoyable. Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. _______ occurs when people begin to think that it is more important to maintain a group's cohesiveness than to objectively consider the facts. 112 50 0 obj Maria had fallen victim to the_______technique. Toni sees a picture of the new international exchange student and notices that the student looks happy, so Toni automatically assumes that he is also friendly. <>stream It was explained to them that the Department of Psychology is conducting the study and they are therefore required to serve in the experiments. endobj To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) experiment in which they asked individuals to "lie" and tell . Cite details from the essay that support your response. From this point on they diverged somewhat. in order to reduce dissonance. The true purpose of the experiment was then explained to the S in detail, and the reasons for each of the various steps in the experiment were explained carefully in relation to the true purpose. This subtle dynamic makes cognitive dissonance a powerful tool for changing attitudes. If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. Festinger and Carlsmith had cleverly set up an opposition between behavioral theory, which was dominant in the 1950s, and Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory. They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance. Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change.
festinger and carlsmith experiment quizlet