In Australia, 'ethnic' generally has been used to refer to immigrants (and their offspring) from non-British origins.3 Regarding the definition of 'migrant', I will apply the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural, Under what conditions are Latinos elected to the Congress and state legislatures? The purpose of descriptive research, aside from describing a certain population or situation, is to know the basic knowledge of a study. We would say that a black constituent is descriptively represented when she has a black member of Congress, regardless of whether that member of Congress . Peter, F. (2011). Main Research Question. ), Women, politics, and change (pp. To save this article to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Prescriptive analytics offers decision support for the best course of action to get desired results. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Norris, P., & Franklin, M. (1997). Companies can collect data first-hand based on stats and unbiased information. If you see Sign in through society site in the sign in pane within a journal: If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. (1999). 518). The results show that descriptive representation contributes to substantive representation, even if the costs of participating outweigh the electoral benefits. These descriptive The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). While skeptics argue that the switch to MMP will evoke havoc and mark the end of a decisive government, the pros of proportional representation outweigh the cons. Should Congress Look Like America? One of the benefits of descriptive representation is that the MEM representatives ethnicity and certain ethnic features of that representatives ethnicity can make MEM voters feel empowered.7 Such features can include physical appearance like skin colour and hair type. Why democracy? This essay will proceed as follows. Quota problems: Combating the dangers of essentialism. In this way, it couldn't just be that distinctive individuals lived in the high-wrongdoing territories than in the low-wrongdoing zones. Swain, C. M. (1993). This research could include the information on the raw numbers of people who buy the product, the demographics of the end user and the focus groups that ask for consumer feedback on the product. Creating a list that details both sides of the argument makes it easier to visualize the potential impact of your decision. world (descriptive representation), and the second focuses on effects of women's presence in parliament (substantive representation). Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. Confidentiality is the primary weakness of descriptive research. Representative democracy is a form of government in which the people elect officials to create laws and policy on their behalf. Sex and social justice. These questions are all the more important given that Latinos are the single largest minority group in the country and growing at exponential rates. These descriptive representations reflect the laws of nature, the system, or logical constraints for the design of the product. 2 Winter 2014, Intersecting Interests: Gender, Race and Congressional Attention to Womens Issues, RETHINKING WOMEN'S SUBSTANTIVE REPRESENTATION. For example, if you are a representative for an ad agency, you may conduct research to find out consumer opinion on a certain product. thanked the writer. In academic and professional environments, researchers often take on research projects before making definitive statements or taking action involving the subject matter. Proportional representation, sometimes called simply "PR," is defined as an "electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them." This is different than a direct system of representation, where each seat is put up to a vote for a specific candidate, regardless of what party to which they associate. This conclusion is complicated by the fact that some regard equal group level outcomes not as a good in and by itself but as the best available proxy for equal opportunities given available data and conventional statistical techniques (Phillips 2004). Liza Hollis has been writing for print and online publications since 2003. We use cookies and similar technologies to ensure our website works properly, personalize your browsing experience, analyze how you use our website, and deliver relevant ads to you. 1. Guinier, L. (1994). Typically, multiple representation involves the buyer and seller. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. (1995). London: Palgrave Macmillan. (2005a). Government American Congress Congressional Representation. Aldershot: Ashgate. It is tough to validate an accurate and complete representation of a study. Would perfect mobility be perfect? Walby, S. (2011). Conducting a thorough survey relies on two things: willing participants and accurate data. In recent decades, Congress has become much more descriptively representative of the United States. Weldon, L. S. (2002). blurted this. Palgrave Macmillan, London. This article examines theoretical expectations on the importance of descriptive representation. Get Access. Public opinion and the Australian aid budget, 2000-2013, Black Legislative Politics: Examining the Issue of Voting Rights in the Post- Hurricane Katrina Period, The Role of Race, Ethnicity, and Party on Atittudes towards Descriptive Representation, Issues and Candidates: Colorado Latino/a Vote Choices, Granting Local Voting Rights to Non-Citizens in Estonia and Latvia: The Conundrum of Minority Representation in Two Divided Democracies, Intersectionality, Quotas, and Minority Womens Political Representation Worldwide, Turkish Journal of Politics (TJP) Vol. The Great Compromise And The Basics Of Bicameralism, Senate Representation And House Apportionment, Summary of the Institutional Design of Congress, Types Of Representation: Looking Out For Constituents, Collective Representation And Congressional Approval, Summary of House and Senate Organizations, Continue With the Mobile App | Available on Google Play, https://cnx.org/contents/W8wOWXNF@12.1:Y1CfqFju@5/Preface, https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/. While women in many western states could vote sooner, all women were not able to exercise their right to vote nationwide until passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, and they began to make up more than 5 percent of either chamber only in the 1990s. (1996). Roemer, J. The importance of descriptive representation in regards to minorities has been the subject of many debates in the past. This form of research provides insight on human nature, we are able to understand basic psychological processes from this. Descriptive statistics is a form of analysis that helps you by describing, summarizing, or showing data in a meaningful way. Pros and Cons of Descriptive Research. The Costs and Benefits of Descriptive Representation: Womens Quotas, Variations in State Feminism and the Fact of Reasonable Pluralism. Previous Figure Next Figure. Mink had been interested in fighting discrimination in education since her youth, when she opposed racial segregation in campus housing while a student at the University of Nebraska. The two main types of representation are descriptive and agency representation. In contexts of group mistrust and uncrystallized interests, the better communication and experiential Like all different types of research, descriptive research has both advantages and disadvantages. Among them is Nancy Pelosi who became the Speaker of the House in the Eleventh Congress and James Clyburn, an African-American who served as Majority Whip. Gender and discourse. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. Descriptive representation occurs when elected politicians are typical of the larger class of persons that they represent, such that blacks represent blacks, disabled people represent disabled people and so on. The classic example of this advantage is that critical sample can be useful in determining the value of an investigation, while the expert sampling approach allows for an in-depth analysis of the information that is present. You do not currently have access to this chapter. List of the Cons of Proportional Representation 1. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Uni Research Rokkan Centre, Bergen, Norway, Centre for Womens and Gender Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Comparative Politics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Department of Information Science and Media Studies, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, Holst, C. (2016). In the first place, learning of our neighbors gives us the inclination that we must keep an eye out for them. Holst, C. (2014). The descriptive representation of gender: An anti-essentialist argument. Descriptivists allow for change and are willing to forgo some rules to fit current norms. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages of descriptive research. Black faces, black interests: The representation of African-Americans in congress. It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. Martin, J. R. (1994). The more people feel less repressed by the authority the more they feel like they can speak and actual have their voices heard. European Journal of Political Research, 32, 1852010. Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Descriptive representation as an intrinsic good Theories of descriptive representation also suggest that voters may value representatives of the same race as an intrinsic good, regardless of any (perceived) substantive representation that accompanies it. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Second, this same information reveals to us when somebody is strange, or something improper is going on. The predominant theory that descriptive representation improves a constituent's relationship with the state (Mansbridge 1999) has led to the study of how sharing a salient identity with one's representative positively affects attitudes toward government.In particular, political science has examined the effect of descriptive representation on political efficacy, a measure of trust and sense . Letters can be written to their representatives. People still have a voice. therefore, it is used by various industries Secondly, response rate is low in this research. The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). Profiles: Google Scholar, Dataverse, OSF, R-Forge, Mastodon, YouTube, Libra.unine.ch, (Figshare), (SSRN), (Kudos). It occurs when two or more parties are represented by the same real estate brokerage. Being a high school student I never payed much attention to anything outside of sports, academics and what crazy adventure me and my friends would be sucked into the upcoming weekend. Does Descriptive Representation Facilitate Women's Distinctive Voice? Signs, 19(3), 713738. Towards a European union gender equality index. In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. The expansion of minority and female representation still continues at a slow pace. This article will briefly describe each of these methods, their advantages, and their drawbacks. 2. Cons. Culture and equality: An egalitarian critique of multiculturalism. Growing up, racial profiling was never a big deal to me or my family. The institutional basis of democratic accountability. Pearl Necklace for Women, 18K Gold Staion Neckalce Tin Cup Pearl Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. Norsk Statsvitenskaplig Tidsskrift, 13(3). Both descriptive and inferential statistics help make sense out of row after row of data! Pros. Compare the gains and losses of a proposal in the decision-making process. Perhaps youve even made it yourself. Pros are listed as arguments in favor of making a particular decision or action. There are, however, practical limitations to including different groups and subgroups in legislatures. They may sometimes also include analytic work (comparing factors "" see below). This forces the government to dissolve the coalition. Representation: It ensures all the interests and views of the public are represented in the government. Democratic legitimacy. In this contribution we distinguish the substantive and the descriptive approach of representation. The descriptive characteristics of a representative can lull voters into thinking their substantive interests are being represented even when this is not the case. You might also like. The 113th Congress, has twenty-eight Hispanic U.S. 38 E Locust St, Mechanicsburg, Pa, This may help you better understand research findings, whether reported in the mainstream 625 Words 3 Pages Decent Essays Martin-Woolman Ltd. Home; History; Services. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Purpose. (2014). The affirmative action controversy. Pros. For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. An example of descriptive statistics would be finding a pattern that comes from the data you've taken. Rita Williams Garcia Net Worth, Often, tracking down survey groups that can provide pertinent data costs a significant amount of time and money. both quantitative and qualitative research. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, 21(2). Multicultural citizenship. In her successful 1970 congressional campaign, Bella Abzug (b) declared, This womans place is in the House the House of Representatives!. The representation of women in Australia: Meaning and make-believe. Cleveland State Law Review, 39(3), 269300. CrossRef The data from a descriptive research project can be collected from one person or a small group of people. Disadvantages include the technical precision, time and funding resources necessary to create tables and graphs. ), Redistribution or recognition? One of the biggest advantages of descriptive research is that it allows you to analyze facts and helps you in developing an in-depth understanding of the research problem. 3. You can learn more about how we use cookies by visiting our privacy policy page. Enter your library card number to sign in. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. Pros of Representative Democracy. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. MMP will give voters more power in their decisions as well as create the kind of democratic government Canada is in dire need of. Movies represent cultural values and Disney's legacy of mostly white princesses depicts our racist society. How Gender Composition and Decision Rules Affect Deliberation Tali Mendelberg Princeton University Christopher F. Karpowitz Brigham Young University Nicholas Goedert Washington University in St. Louis Does low descriptive representation inhibit substantive representation for women in deliberating groups? Descriptive research designs also offer a unique means of data collection. The debate about descriptive vs inferential statistics takes away from crafting a more holistic approach. The Journal of Politics, 64(4), 11531174. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. (2005b). Hence, the debate about descriptive representation is clearly in need of a more contextualized assessment of its pros and cons. Your browser seems to have Javascript disabled. ), States of democracy: Gender and politics in Europe. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Implicit Standards for Evaluating Representatives . If you are doing a comparison between two products, you might give one product an unfair advantage to get the desired results. That's pretty straightforward. Explaining Preferences about Descriptive Representation, When politics is not just a man's game: Women's representation and political engagement, Womens Political Representation: A Review, Partisanship, Structure and Representation: The Puzzle of African American Education Politics, Falling Behind, Keeping Up, or Getting Ahead: Ethnic Candidates and the Competition for non-Western Origin Voters in the West, Levelling the playing field: Monitoring Croatian policies to promote gender equality in politics, Can Deliberative Minipublics Address the Cognitive Challenges of Democratic Citizenship, Parity/Disparity: Electoral Gender Inequality on the Tightrope of Liberal Constitutional Traditions, INTERSECTIONAL PRESENTATIONS: An Exploratory Study of Minority Congresswomen's Websites' Biographies, Ethnocultural Voting?

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